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Does Donald Trump speak differently from other presidents? If so, in whatways? Are these differences confined to any single medium of communication? Toinvestigate these questions, this paper introduces a novel metric of uniquenessbased on large language models, develops a new lexicon for divisive speech, andpresents a framework for comparing the lexical features of political opponents.Applying these tools to a variety of corpora of presidential speeches, we findconsiderable evidence that Trump's speech patterns diverge from those of allmajor party nominees for the presidency in recent history. Some notablefindings include Trump's employment of particularly divisive and antagonisticlanguage targeting of his political opponents and his patterns of repetitionfor emphasis. Furthermore, Trump is significantly more distinctive than hisfellow Republicans, whose uniqueness values are comparably closer to those ofthe Democrats. These differences hold across a variety of measurementstrategies, arise on both the campaign trail and in official presidentialaddresses, and do not appear to be an artifact of secular time trends.

Quantifying the Uniqueness of Donald Trump in Presidential Discourse