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High-frequency wide-bandwidth cellular communications over mmW and sub-THzoffer the opportunity for high data rates, however, it also presents highpathloss, resulting in limited coverage. To mitigate the coverage limitations,high-gain beamforming is essential. Implementation of beamforming involves alarge number of antennas, which introduces analog beam constraint, i.e., onlyone frequency-flat beam is generated per transceiver chain (TRx). Recentlyintroduced joint phase-time array (JPTA) architecture, which utilizes both truetime delay (TTD) units and phase shifters (PSs), alleviates analog beamconstraint by creating multiple frequency-dependent beams per TRx, forscheduling multiple users at different directions in a frequency-divisionmanner. One class of previous studies offered solutions with "rainbow" beams,which tend to allocate a small bandwidth per beam direction. Another classfocused on uniform linear array (ULA) antenna architecture, whosefrequency-dependent beams were designed along a single axis of either azimuthor elevation direction. In this paper, we present a novel 3D beamformingcodebook design aimed at maximizing beamforming gain to steer radiation towarddesired azimuth and elevation directions, as well as across sub-bandspartitioned according to scheduled users' bandwidth requirements. We provideboth analytical solutions and iterative algorithms to design the PSs and TTDunits for a desired subband beam pattern. Through simulations of thebeamforming gain, we observe that our proposed solutions outperform thestate-of-the-art solutions reported elsewhere.

3D Beamforming Through Joint Phase-Time Arrays