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In this paper, we present a theoretical, experimental, and numerical study ofthe dynamics of cavitation bubbles inside a droplet suspended in another hostfluid. On the theoretical side, we provided a modified Rayleigh collapse timeand natural frequency for spherical bubbles in our particular context,characterized by the density ratio between the two liquids and thebubble-to-droplet size ratio. Regarding the experimental aspect, experimentswere carried out for laser-induced cavitation bubbles inside oil-in-water (O/W)or water-in-oil (W/O) droplets. Two distinct fluid-mixing mechanisms wereunveiled in the two systems, respectively. In the case of O/W droplets, aliquid jet emerges around the end of the bubble collapse phase, effectivelypenetrating the droplet interface. We offer a detailed analysis of the criteriagoverning jet penetration, involving the standoff parameter and impact velocityof the bubble jet on the droplet surface. Conversely, in the scenario involvingW/O droplets, the bubble traverses the droplet interior, inducing global motionand eventually leading to droplet pinch-off when the local Weber number exceedsa critical value. This phenomenon is elucidated through the equilibrium betweeninterfacial and kinetic energies. Lastly, our boundary integral modelfaithfully reproduces the essential physics of nonspherical bubble dynamicsobserved in the experiments. We conduct a parametric study spanning a wideparameter space to investigate bubble-droplet interactions. The insights fromthis study could serve as a valuable reference for practical applications inthe field of ultrasonic emulsification, pharmacy, etc.

Cavitation bubble dynamics inside a droplet suspended in a different host fluid