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The Internet of Things (IoT) technology uses small and cost-effective sensorsfor various applications, such as Industrial IoT. However, these sensor nodesare powered by fixed-size batteries, which creates a trade-off between networkperformance and long-term sustainability. Moreover, some applications requirethe network to provide a certain level of service, such as a lower delay forcritical data, while ensuring the operational reliability of sensor nodes. Toaddress this energy challenge, external energy harvesting sources, such assolar and wind, offer promising and eco-friendly solutions. However, theavailable energy from a single energy source is insufficient to meet theserequirements. This drives the utilization of a hybrid energy harvestingapproach, such as the integration of solar and wind energy harvesters, toincrease the amount of harvested energy. Nevertheless, to fully utilize theavailable energy, which is dynamic in nature, the sensor node must adapt itsoperation to ensure sustainable operation and enhanced network performance.Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid energy harvesting-based energy neutraloperation (ENO) medium access control (MAC) protocol, called HENO-MAC, thatallows the receiver node to harvest energy from the solar-wind harvesters andadapt its duty cycle accordingly. The performance of the proposed HENO-MAC wasevaluated using the latest realistic solar and wind data for two consecutivedays in GreenCastalia. The simulation results demonstrate that the duty cyclemechanism of HENO-MAC effectively utilizes the harvested energy to achieve ENOand uses the available energy resources efficiently to reduce the packet delayfor all packets and the highest priority packet by up to 28.5% and 27.3%,respectively, when compared with other existing MAC protocols.

HENO-MAC: Hybrid Energy Harvesting-based Energy Neutral Operation MAC Protocol for Delay-Sensitive IoT Applications