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Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are rapidly gaining prominence inthe realm of fifth generation (5G)-Advanced, and predominantly, sixthgeneration (6G) mobile networks, offering a revolutionary approach tooptimizing wireless communications. This article delves into the intricateworld of the RIS technology, exploring its diverse hardware architectures andthe resulting versatile operating modes. These include RISs with signalreception and processing units, sensors, amplification units, transmissivecapability, multiple stacked components, and dynamic metasurface antennas.Furthermore, we shed light on emerging RIS applications, such as index andreflection modulation, non-coherent modulation, next generation multipleaccess, integrated sensing and communications (ISAC), energy harvesting, aswell as aerial and vehicular networks. These exciting applications are set totransform the way we will wirelessly connect in the upcoming era of 6G.Finally, we review recent experimental RIS setups and present various openproblems of the overviewed RIS hardware architectures and their applications.From enhancing network coverage to enabling new communication paradigms,RIS-empowered connectivity is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping thefuture of wireless networking. This article unveils the underlying principlesand potential impacts of RISs, focusing on cutting-edge developments of thisphysical-layer smart connectivity technology.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G: Emerging Hardware Architectures, Applications, and Open Challenges