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This paper investigates covert communications in an integrated sensing andcommunications system, where a dual-functional base station (called Alice)covertly transmits signals to a covert user (called Bob) while sensing multipletargets, with one of them acting as a potential watcher (called Willie) andmaliciously eavesdropping on legitimate communications. To shelter the covertcommunications, Alice transmits additional dual-functional artificial noise(DFAN) with a varying power not only to create uncertainty at Willie's signalreception to confuse Willie but also to sense the targets simultaneously. Basedon this framework, the weighted sum of the sensing beampattern means squareerror (MSE) and cross correlation is minimized by jointly optimizing the covertcommunication and DFAN signals subject to the minimum covert rate requirement.The robust design considers both cases of imperfect Willie's CSI (WCSI) andstatistical WCSI. Under the worst-case assumption that Willie can adaptivelyadjust the detection threshold to achieve the best detection performance, theminimum detection error probability (DEP) at Willie is analytically derived inthe closed-form expression. The formulated covertness constrained optimizationproblems are tackled by a feasibility-checking based difference-of-convexrelaxation (DC) algorithm utilizing the S-procedure, Bernstein-type inequality,and the DC method. Simulation results validate the feasibility of the proposedscheme and demonstrate the covertness performance gains achieved by ourproposed design over various benchmarks.

Dual-Functional Artificial Noise (DFAN) Aided Robust Covert Communications in Integrated Sensing and Communications