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Research on optimal eavesdropping models under practical conditions will helpto evaluate realistic risk when employing quantum key distribution (QKD) systemfor secure information transmission. Intuitively, fiber loss will lead to theoptical energy leaking to the environment, rather than harvested by theeavesdropper, which also limits the eavesdropping ability while improving theQKD system performance in practical use. However, defining the optimaleavesdropping model in the presence of lossy fiber is difficult because thechannel is beyond the control of legitimate partners and the leaked signal isundetectable. Here we investigate how the fiber loss influences theeavesdropping ability based on a teleportation-based collective attack modelwhich requires two distant stations and a shared entanglement source. We findthat if the distributed entanglement is limited due to the practical loss, theoptimal attack occurs when the two teleportation stations are merged to one andplaced close to the transmitter site, which performs similar to theentangling-cloning attack but with a reduced wiretapping ratio. Assuming Eveuses the best available hollow-core fiber, the secret key rate in the practicalenvironment can be 20%~40% higher than that under ideal eavesdropping. While ifthe entanglement distillation technology is mature enough to provide highquality of distributed entanglement, the two teleportation stations should bedistantly separated for better eavesdropping performance, where theeavesdropping can even approach the optimal collective attack. Under thecurrent level of entanglement purification technology, the unavoidable fiberloss can still greatly limit the eavesdropping ability as well as enhance thesecret key rate and transmission distance of the realistic system, whichpromotes the development of QKD systems in practical application scenarios.

The Security Analysis of Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution under Limited Eavesdropping with Practical Fiber