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There is currently a major trend to hairpin-winding motors for small andmedium drives with increased power, specifically more torque density in theautomotive industry. Practically all large players in the field either alreadyuse this winding technology or have announced doing so soon. However, hairpins,bar windings, and other segmented winding techniques are not purely a materialand production issue. Instead their application to small drives influences allaspects of the design of machines, which are currently explored and studied bythe industry. These range from not obvious gaps in the theory, parameterstudies for maxima of efficiency, possible as well as advantageous windingschemes, thermal design, and ways to control ac losses to specific materialsand process difficulties. Despite the apparent novelty of the trend, however,designers could revisit a widely forgotten knowledge base of more than 100years for many of those questions. This old knowledge base and theunderstanding that many recently presented concepts have been developed earliermay speed up the technological development and appear to be a key to furtherinnovation. Instead, many problems need to be solved again and technologiesre-invented. Furthermore, as this technology has recently become merelyindustry-driven, a substantial portion of the information and technologicaldevelopments are not available to the public -- a state that to our eyes mayharm the innovation capacity of the drives community.

Hairpin Motors for Electromobility: Twists and Bends of a Technological Breakthrough that Initially Arrived A Century Too Soon