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Recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope have identified apopulation of massive galaxy sources ($\mathrm{>10^{10}\ M_\odot}$) at$z>7-10$, formed less than 700 Myr after the Big Bang. Such massive galaxies donot have enough time to form within the standard cosmological model, and hencethese observations significantly challenge standard cosmology. A number ofpossible solutions to this problem have been put forward, including anenhancement of the gravitational force in a modified theory of gravity and theclaim that massive primordial black holes, which were created in the earlyuniverse before galaxy formation, might provide seeds for galaxies and blackholes to subsequently form. We discuss two more exotic possibilities. Blackholes can persist through a cosmological bounce and constitute large seedsformed in the previous cosmic cycle existing before current galaxy formation.And spikes, both incomplete spikes that occur in the early initial oscillatoryregime of general cosmological models and permanent spikes that can form ininhomogeneous models at later times, could provide a mechanism for generatinglarge structures early in the Universe.

The JWST and standard cosmology