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Flexible canopy flows are often encountered in natural scenarios, eg., whencrops sway in the wind or when submerged kelp forests are agitated by a marinecurrent. Here, we provide a detailed characterisation of the turbulent flowdeveloped above and between the flexible filaments of a fully submerged densecanopy and we describe their dynamical response to the turbulent forcing. Weinvestigate a wide range of flexibilities, encompassing the case in which thefilaments are completely rigid and standing upright as well as that where theyare fully compliant to the flow and deflected in the streamwise direction. Weare thus able to isolate the effect of the canopy flexibility on the drag andon the inner-outer flow interactions, as well as the two flapping regimes ofthe filaments already identified for a single fiber. Furthermore, we offer adetailed description of the Reynolds stresses throughout the wall-normaldirection resorting to the Lumley triangle formalism, and we show themulti-layer nature of turbulence inside and above the canopy. The relevance ofour investigation is thus twofold: the fundamental physical understandingdeveloped here paves the way towards the investigation of more complex andrealistic scenarios, while we also provide a thorough characterisation of theturbulent state that can prove useful in the development of accurate turbulencemodels for RANS and LES.

Dynamics and fluid-structure interaction in turbulent flows within and above flexible canopies