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We present a cold atomic beam source based on a two-dimensional (2D)+magneto-optical trap (MOT), capable of generating a continuous cold beam of87Rb atoms with a flux up to 4.3*10^9 atoms/s, a mean velocity of 10.96(2.20)m/s, and a transverse temperature of 16.90(1.56) uK. Investigating theinfluence of high cooling laser intensity, we observe a significant populationloss of atoms to hyperfine-level dark states. To account for this, we employ amultiple hyperfine level model to calculate the cooling efficiency associatedwith the population in dark states, subsequently modifying the scatteringforce. Simulations of beam flux at different cooling and repumping laserintensities using the modified scattering force are in agreement withexperimental results. Optimizing repumping and cooling intensities enhances theflux by 50%. The influence of phase modulation on both the pushing and coolinglasers is experimentally studied, revealing that the mean velocity of coldatoms can be tuned from 9.5 m/s to 14.6 m/s with a phase-modulated pushinglaser. The versatility of this continuous beam source, featuring high flux,controlled velocity, and narrow transverse temperature, renders it valuable forapplications in atom interferometers and clocks, ultimately enhancingbandwidth, sensitivity, and signal contrast in these devices.

A continuous cold rubidium atomic beam with enhanced flux and tunable velocity