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We consider a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-MaMIMO)communication system in the uplink transmission and propose a novel algorithmfor blind or semi-blind joint channel estimation and data detection (JCD). Weformulate the problem in the framework of bilinear inference and develop asolution based on the expectation propagation (EP) method for both channelestimation and data detection. We propose a new approximation of the joint aposteriori distribution of the channel and data whose representation as afactor graph enables the application of the EP approach using themessage-passing technique, local low-complexity computations at the nodes, andan effective modeling of channel-data interplay. The derived algorithm, calledbilinear-EP JCD, allows for a distributed implementation among access points(APs) and the central processing unit (CPU) and has polynomial complexity. Oursimulation results show that it outperforms other EP-based state-of-the-artpolynomial time algorithms.

Bilinear Expectation Propagation for Distributed Semi-Blind Joint Channel Estimation and Data Detection in Cell-Free Massive MIMO