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This paper investigates the relationship between scientists' cognitiveprofile and their ability to generate innovative ideas and gain scientificrecognition. We propose a novel author-level metric based on the semanticrepresentation of researchers' past publications to measure cognitive diversityboth at individual and team levels. Using PubMed Knowledge Graph (PKG), weanalyze the impact of cognitive diversity on novelty, as measured bycombinatorial novelty indicators and peer labels on Faculty Opinion. Weassessed scientific impact through citations and disruption indicators. We showthat the presence of exploratory individuals (i.e., cognitively diverse) isbeneficial in generating distant knowledge combinations, but only when balancedby a significant proportion of exploitative individuals (i.e., cognitivelyspecialized). Furthermore, teams with a high proportion of exploitativeprofiles tend to consolidate science, whereas those with a significant share ofboth profiles tend to disrupt it. Cognitive diversity between team membersappears to be always beneficial to combining more distant knowledge. However,to maximize the relevance of these distant combinations of knowledge,maintaining a limited number of exploratory individuals is essential, asexploitative individuals must question and debate their novel perspectives.These specialized individuals are the most qualified to extract the fullpotential of novel ideas and integrate them within the existing scientificparadigm.

Sails and Anchors: The Complementarity of Exploratory and Exploitative Scientists in Knowledge Creation