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The PHENIX experiment has performed a systematic study of identifiedcharged-hadron ($\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$, $\bar{p}$) production at midrapidityin $p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au, Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV andU$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV. Identified charged-hadroninvariant transverse-momentum ($p_T$) and transverse-mass ($m_T$) spectra arepresented and interpreted in terms of radially expanding thermalized systems.The particle ratios of $K/\pi$ and $p/\pi$ have been measured in differentcentrality ranges of large (Cu$+$Au, U$+$U) and small ($p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au)collision systems. The values of $K/\pi$ ratios measured in all consideredcollision systems were found to be consistent with those measured in $p$$+$$p$collisions. However the values of $p/\pi$ ratios measured in large collisionsystems reach the values of $\approx0.6$, which is $\approx2$ times larger thanin $p$$+$$p$ collisions. These results can be qualitatively understood in termsof the baryon enhancement expected from hadronization by recombination.Identified charged-hadron nuclear-modification factors ($R_{AB}$) are alsopresented. Enhancement of proton $R_{AB}$ values over meson $R_{AB}$ values wasobserved in central $^3$He$+$Au, Cu$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions. The proton$R_{AB}$ values measured in $p$$+$Al collision system were found to beconsistent with $R_{AB}$ values of $\phi$, $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, and $\pi^0$mesons, which may indicate that the size of the system produced in $p$$+$Alcollisions is too small for recombination to cause a noticeable increase inproton production.

Identified charged-hadron production in $p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au, and  Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and in U$+$U collisions at  $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV