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Blockchain applications are witnessing rapid evolution, necessitating theintegration of upgradeable smart contracts. Software patterns have beenproposed to summarize upgradeable smart contract best practices. However,research is missing on the comparison of these upgradeable smart contractpatterns, especially regarding gas costs related to deployment and execution.This study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of gas costs associated withtwo prevalent upgradeable smart contract patterns: the Proxy and diamondpatterns. The Proxy pattern utilizes a Proxy pointing to a logic contract,while the diamond pattern enables a Proxy to point to multiple logic contracts.We conduct a comparative analysis of gas costs for both patterns in contrast toa traditional non-upgradeable smart contract. We derive from this analysis atheoretical contribution in the form of two consolidated blockchain patternsand a corresponding decision model. By so doing we hope to contribute to thebroader understanding of upgradeable smart contract patterns.

A Comparative Gas Cost Analysis of Proxy and Diamond Patterns in EVM Blockchains for Trusted Smart Contract Engineering