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This paper explores the evolution of China's Personal Information ProtectionLaw (PIPL) and situates it within the context of global data protectiondevelopment. It draws inspiration from the theory of 'Brussels Effect' and itsprecedents, that describes the extraterritorial influence of EU regulations.Our objective is not to provide a commentary on China's legal development butto illuminate the intricate dynamics between the Chinese law and the EU's GDPR.It is argued that the trajectory of China's Personal Information Protection Lawcalls into question the applicability of the Brussels Effect: while the GDPR'simprint on the PIPL is evident, a deeper analysis unveils China's nuanced,non-linear adoption that diverges from many assumptions of the Brussels Effectand similar theories. The evolution of the GDPR-inspired PIPL is not as astraightforward outcome of the Brussels Effect but as a nuanced, intricateinterplay of external influence and domestic dynamics. We introduce acomplementary theory of 'gravity assist' which portrays China's strategicinstrumentalisation of the GDPR as a template to shape its unique dataprotection landscape. Our conceptual framework highlights how China navigatesthrough a patchwork of internal considerations, international standards, andstrategic choices, ultimately sculpting a data protection regime that has asimilar appearance to the GDPR but aligns with its distinct political, culturaland legal landscape. This reveals much about how China takes in thefoundational premises of data protection that are inherently built in Europe'scherishment of the rule of law, democracy and human rights on the one hand, andthe evaluation of data protection as a fundamental right.

From Brussels Effect to Gravity Assists: Understanding the Evolution of the GDPR-Inspired Personal Information Protection Law in China