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X-ray circular dichroism, arising from the contrast in X-ray absorptionbetween opposite photon helicities, serves as a spectroscopic tool to measurethe magnetization of ferromagnetic materials and identify the handedness ofchiral crystals. Antiferromagnets with crystallographic chirality typicallylack X-ray magnetic circular dichroism because of time-reversal symmetry, yetexhibit weak X-ray natural circular dichroism. Here, we report the observationof giant natural circular dichroism in the Ni $L_3$-edge X-ray absorption ofNi$_3$TeO$_6$, a polar and chiral antiferromagnet with effective time-reversalsymmetry. To unravel this intriguing phenomenon, we propose a phenomenologicalmodel that classifies the movement of photons in a chiral crystal within thesame symmetry class as that of a magnetic field. The coupling of X-raypolarization with the induced magnetization yields giant X-ray natural circulardichroism, reflecting the magnetic susceptibility of Ni$_3$TeO$_6$. Ourfindings provide evidence for the interplay between magnetism and crystalchirality in natural optical activity. Additionally, we establish the firstexample of a new class of magnetic materials exhibiting circular dichroism withtime-reversal symmetry.

Giant X-ray circular dichroism in a time-reversal invariant antiferromagnet