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Hyper-luminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) are the most extreme star-formingsystems observed in the early Universe, and their properties still eludecomprehensive understanding. We have undertaken a large XMM-Newton observingprogram to probe the total accreting black hole population in three HyLIRGs atz = 2.12, 3.25, and 3.55, gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies.Selected from the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensedExtreme Starbursts (PASSAGES), these HyLIRGs have apparent infraredluminosities > E14 Lsun. Our observations revealed X-ray emission in each ofthem. PJ1336+49 appears to be dominated by high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs).Remarkably, the luminosity of this non-AGN X-ray emission exceeds by a factorof about three the value obtained by calibration with local galaxies with muchlower star formation rates. This enhanced X-ray emission most likely highlightsthe efficacy of dynamical HMXB production within compact clusters, which is animportant mode of star formation in HyLIRGs. The remaining two (PJ0116-24 andPJ1053+60) morphologically and spectrally exhibit a compact X-ray component inaddition to the extended non-AGN X-ray emission, indicating the presence ofActive Galactic Nuclei (AGNs). The AGN appears to be centrally located in thereconstructed source plane images of PJ0116-24, which manifests itsstar-forming activity predominantly within an extended galactic disk. Incontrast, the AGN in the field of PJ1053+60 is projected 60 kpc away from theextreme star-forming galaxy and could be ejected from it. These resultsunderline the synergistic potential of deep X-ray observations with stronglensing for the study of high-energy astrophysical phenomena in HyLIRGs.

X-ray detection of the most extreme star-forming galaxies at the cosmic noon via strong lensing