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The benefits of investments in sustainability are often public goods thataccrue at broad scales and to many people. Urban forests exemplify this; treessupply ecosystem service benefits from local (in the case of shade) to global(in the case of carbon sequestration) scales. The complex mosaic of public andprivate ownership that typically defines an urban forest makes the public goodsproblem of investing in forest sustainability especially acute. This results inincentives for private tree owners to invest in tree care that typically fallshort of those of a public forest manager aiming for the social optimum. Themanagement of a forest pest, such as emerald ash borer, provides a salientfocus area because pests threaten the provision of public goods from urbanforests and pest management generates feedback that alters pest spread andshapes future risks. We study how managers can design policies to addressforest pest outbreaks and achieve uniform management across a mosaic ofownership types. We develop a game theoretic model to derive optimal subsidiesfor the treatment of forests pests and evaluate the efficacy of these policiesin mitigating the spread of forest pests with a dynamic epidemiological model.Our results suggest that a combination of optimal treatment subsidies forprivately owned trees and targeted treatment of public trees can be far moreeffective at reducing pest-induced tree mortality than either approach inisolation. While we focus on the management of urban forests, designingprograms that align private and public incentives for investment in publicgoods could advance sustainability in a wide range of systems.

Public policy for management of forest pests within an ownership mosaic