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This paper envisions a revolutionary AIOS-Agent ecosystem, where LargeLanguage Model (LLM) serves as the (Artificial) Intelligent Operating System(IOS, or AIOS)--an operating system "with soul". Upon this foundation, adiverse range of LLM-based AI Agent Applications (Agents, or AAPs) aredeveloped, enriching the AIOS-Agent ecosystem and signaling a paradigm shiftfrom the traditional OS-APP ecosystem. We envision that LLM's impact will notbe limited to the AI application level, instead, it will in turn revolutionizethe design and implementation of computer system, architecture, software, andprogramming language, featured by several main concepts: LLM as OS(system-level), Agents as Applications (application-level), Natural Language asProgramming Interface (user-level), and Tools as Devices/Libraries(hardware/middleware-level). We begin by introducing the architecture oftraditional OS. Then we formalize a conceptual framework for AIOS through "LLMas OS (LLMOS)", drawing analogies between AIOS and traditional OS: LLM islikened to OS kernel, context window to memory, external storage to filesystem, hardware tools to peripheral devices, software tools to programminglibraries, and user prompts to user commands. Subsequently, we introduce thenew AIOS-Agent Ecosystem, where users can easily program Agent Applications(AAPs) using natural language, democratizing the development of software, whichis different from the traditional OS-APP ecosystem. Following this, we explorethe diverse scope of Agent Applications. We delve into both single-agent andmulti-agent systems, as well as human-agent interaction. Lastly, drawing on theinsights from traditional OS-APP ecosystem, we propose a roadmap for theevolution of the AIOS-Agent ecosystem. This roadmap is designed to guide thefuture research and development, suggesting systematic progresses of AIOS andits Agent applications.

LLM as OS, Agents as Apps: Envisioning AIOS, Agents and the AIOS-Agent Ecosystem