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DC shipboard microgrids (SMGs) are highly dynamic systems susceptible tofailure due to various cyber-physical disturbances, such as extreme weather andmission operations during wartime. In this paper, the real-time operationalresilience (OR) evaluation of DC SMGs against dynamic disturbances is proposedusing frequency-domain metrics. To this end, first the drawbacks of time-domainOR evaluation using an energy imbalance index is discussed. As the time-domainenergy imbalance index is shown to be incapable of real-time OR assessment,particularly in the context of droop-controlled DC SMGs without secondaryvoltage restoration control, the $\mathcal{H}_2$ and $\mathcal{H_\infty}$ normsof candidate transfer functions (TFs) of the system are proposed as measures ofresilience. It is shown that the proposed norms calculated for the busimpedance TF of the system provides intuitive results in terms of energyimbalance and can be computed in real time. The case studies conducted for thestudy DC SMG under pulsed power load (PPL) disturbances demonstrate theshortcoming of the time-domain OR evaluation and the capability of the proposedfrequency-domain metrics in intuitive OR evaluation of DC SMGs.

Operational Resilience Assessment: A Frequency-Domain Approach for DC Microgrids