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Theoretical and numerical models of active Janus particles commonly assumethat the metallo-dielectric interface is parallel to the driving appliedelectric field. However, our experimental observations indicate that theequilibrium angle of orientation of electrokinetically driven Janus particlesvaries as a function of the frequency and voltage of the applied electricfield. Here, we quantify the variation of the orientation with respect to theelectric field and demonstrate that the equilibrium position represents theinterplay between gravitational, electrostatic and electrohydrodynamic torques.The latter two categories are functions of the applied field (frequency,voltage) as well as the height of the particle above the substrate. Maximumdeparture from the alignment with the electric field occurs at low frequenciescharacteristic of induced-charge electrophoresis and at low voltages wheregravity dominates the electrostatic and electrohydrodynamic torques. Thedeparture of the interface from alignment with the electric field is shown todecrease particle mobility through comparison of freely suspended Janusparticles subject only to electrical forcing and magnetized Janus particles inwhich magnetic torque is used to align the interface with the electric field.Consideration of the role of gravitational torque and particle-wallinteractions could account for some discrepancies between theory, numerics andexperiment in active matter systems.

The influence of frequency and gravity on the orientation of active  metallo-dielecric Janus particles translating under a uniform applied  alternating-current electric field