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This paper presents the results of long-term experiments conducted onfixed-tilt (FT) and single-axis tracked (SAT) open-rack photovoltaic (PV)modules in South Africa. Utilizing Faiman's heat dissipation model and datafiltering method, the study demonstrates favourable comparisons of FTexperimental results with literature, while yielding novel heat dissipationfactors for SAT modules. Enhanced heat dissipation is observed in no/low windconditions for SAT modules compared to FT modules. Analyses reveal theinfluence of plane-of-array (POA) irradiance, wind speed and direction onmodule temperature, with SAT modules exhibiting greater heat dissipationstability. An investigation into data filtering methods suggests minorsensitivity for both configurations, with a slightly more pronounced impact onSAT modules. Assessments comparing module temperature predictions using diverseheat dissipation factors for FT modules reveal negligible sensitivity. Thissuggests that exact heat dissipation factor values may not be crucial foraccurate predictions of module temperature in FT open-rack systems. Annualpower output simulations using PVsyst software demonstrate a 2.9% and 3.3%enhancement for FT and SAT configurations, respectively, when employingexperimentally determined heat dissipation factors. These findings highlightthe importance of realistic, configuration-specific heat dissipation factors inoptimizing PV system performance, particularly in the competitive context ofmodern PV power plant construction and techno-economic calculations.

Understanding heat dissipation factors for fixed-tilt and single-axis tracked open-rack photovoltaic modules: experimental insights