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Virtual and mixed reality (VR, MR) technologies offer a powerful solution foron-the-ground flight training curricula. While these technologies offer saferand cheaper instructional programs, it is still unclear how they impactneuronal brain dynamics. Indeed, MR simulations engage students in a strangemix of incongruous visual, somatosensory and vestibular sensory input.Characterizing brain dynamics during MR simulation is important forunderstanding cognitive processes during virtual flight training. To this end,we studies the delays introduced in the neuronal stream from the retina to thevisual cortex when presented with visual stimuli using a Varjo-XR3 headset. Werecorded cortical visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from 6 subjects under twoconditions. First, we recorded normal VEPs triggered by short flashes. Second,we recorded VEPs triggered by an internal image of the flashes produced by theVarjo-XR3 headset. All subjects had used the headset before and were familiarwith immersive experiences. Our results show mixed-reality stimulation imposesa small, but consistent, 4 [ms] processing delay in the N2-VEP component duringMR stimulation as compared to direct stimulation. Also we found that VEPamplitudes during MR stimulation were also decreased. These results suggestthat visual cognition during mixed-reality training is delayed, not only by theunavoidalbe hardware/software processing delays of the headset and the attachedcomputer, but also by an extra biological delay induced by the headset'slimited visual display in terms of the image intensity and contrast. As flighttraining is a demanding task, this study measures visual signal latency tobetter understand how MR affects the sensation of immersion.

Effects of a mixed reality headset on the delay of visually evoked potentials