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Disinformation research has proliferated in reaction to widespread false,problematic beliefs purported to explain major social phenomena. Yet while theeffects of disinformation are well-known, there is less consensus about itscauses; the research spans several disciplines, each focusing on differentpieces. This article contributes to this growing field by reviewing prevalentU.S. disinformation discourse (academic writing, media, and corporate andgovernment narrative) and outlining the dominant understanding, or paradigm, ofthe disinformation problem by analyzing cross-disciplinary discourse about thecontent, individual, group, and institutional layers of the problem. The resultis an individualistic explanation largely blaming social media, maliciousindividuals or nations, and irrational people. Yet this understanding hasshortcomings: notably, that its limited, individualistic views of truth andrationality obscures the influence of oppressive ideologies and media ordomestic actors in creating flawed worldviews and spreading disinformation. Thearticle then concludes by putting forth an alternative, sociopolitical paradigmthat allows subjective models of the world to govern rationality andinformation processing -- largely informed by social and group identity --which are being formed and catered to by institutional actors (corporations,media, political parties, and the government) to maintain or gain legitimacyfor their actions.

What is the disinformation problem? Reviewing the dominant paradigm and motivating an alternative sociopolitical view