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Metasurfaces have unlocked significant advancements across photonics, yettheir efficient active control remains challenging. The active materialsrequired often lack continuous tunability, exhibit inadequate refractive index(RI) changes, or suffer from high losses. These aspects pose an inherentlimitation for resonance-shifting based switching: when RI changes are small,the resulting shift is also minor. Conversely, high RI changes typically comewith high intrinsic losses necessitating broad modes because narrow ones cannottolerate such losses. Therefore, larger spectral shifts are required toeffectively detune the modes. This paper introduces a novel active metasurfaceapproach that converts the constraint of high intrinsic losses into abeneficial feature. This is achieved by controlling the losses in a hybridvanadium dioxide (VO$_{2}$) - silicon metasurface, supportingsymmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BICs) within the infraredspectrum. By leveraging the temperature-controlled losses in VO$_{2}$ andcombining them with the inherent far-field-coupling tunability of BICs, we gainunprecedented precision in independently controlling both the radiative andnonradiative losses of the resonant system. Our dual-control mechanism allowsus to optimize our metasurfaces and we experimentally demonstrate qualityfactors above 200, a maximum reflectance amplitude of 90%, a relative switchingcontrast of 78%, and continuous tuning from under- to over-coupling within theinfrared spectral range. This study provides a foundation for experimentallyand technologically simple, fine-tunable, active metasurfaces for applicationsranging from molecular sensors to filters and optical modulators.

Active Loss Engineering in Vanadium Dioxide Based BIC Metasurfaces