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While smart cities are recently providing open data, how to organise thecollective creation of data, knowledge and related products and servicesproduced from this collective resource, still remains to be thought. This paperaims at gathering the literature review on open data ecosystems to tackle thefollowing research question: what models can be imagined to stimulate thecollective co-creation of services between smart cities' stakeholders acting asproviders and users of open data? Such issue is currently at stake in manymunicipalities such as Lisbon which decided to position itself as a platform(O'Reilly, 2010) in the local digital ecosystem. With the implementation of itsCity Operation Center (COI), Lisbon's municipality provides an InformationInfrastructure (Bowker et al., 2009) to many different types of actors such astelecom companies, municipalities, energy utilities or transport companies.Through this infrastructure, Lisbon encourages such actors to gather, integrateand release heterogeneous datasets and tries to orchestrate synergies amongthem so data-driven solution to urban problems can emerge (Carvalho and Vale,2018). The remaining question being: what models for the municipalities such asLisbon to lean on so as to drive this cutting-edge type of service innovation?

Open data ecosystems: what models to co-create service innovations in smart cities?