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Abortion has been one of the most divisive issues in the United States. Yet,missing is comprehensive longitudinal evidence on how political divides onabortion are reflected in public discourse over time, on a national scale, andin response to key events before and after the overturn of Roe v Wade. Weanalyze a corpus of over 3.5M tweets related to abortion over the span of oneyear (January 2022 to January 2023) from over 1.1M users. We estimate users'ideology and rely on state-of-the-art transformer-based classifiers to identifyexpressions of hostility and extract five prominent frames surroundingabortion. We use those data to examine (a) how prevalent were expressions ofhostility (i.e., anger, toxic speech, insults, obscenities, and hate speech),(b) what frames liberals and conservatives used to articulate their positionson abortion, and (c) the prevalence of hostile expressions in liberals andconservative discussions of these frames. We show that liberals andconservatives largely mirrored each other's use of hostile expressions: asliberals used more hostile rhetoric, so did conservatives, especially inresponse to key events. In addition, the two groups used distinct frames anddiscussed them in vastly distinct contexts, suggesting that liberals andconservatives have differing perspectives on abortion. Lastly, frames favoredby one side provoked hostile reactions from the other: liberals use morehostile expressions when addressing religion, fetal personhood, and exceptionsto abortion bans, whereas conservatives use more hostile language whenaddressing bodily autonomy and women's health. This signals disrespect andderogation, which may further preclude understanding and exacerbatepolarization.

Polarized Online Discourse on Abortion: Frames and Hostile Expressions among Liberals and Conservatives