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Energy efficiency (EE) is a challenging task in integrated sensing andcommunication (ISAC) systems, where high spectral efficiency and low energyconsumption appear as conflicting requirements. Although passive reconfigurableintelligent surface (RIS) has emerged as a promising technology for enhancingthe EE of the ISAC system, the multiplicative fading feature hinders itseffectiveness. This paper proposes the use of active RIS with its amplificationgains to assist the ISAC system for EE improvement. Specifically, we formulatean EE optimization problem in an active RIS-aided ISAC system under systempower budgets, considering constraints on user communication quality of serviceand sensing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A novel alternating optimizationalgorithm is developed to address the highly non-convex problem by leveraging acombination of the generalized Rayleigh quotient optimization approach,semidefinite relaxation (SDR), and the majorization-minimization (MM)framework. Furthermore, to accelerate the algorithm and reduce computationalcomplexity, we derive a semi-closed form for eigenvalue determination.Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,showcasing significant improvements in EE compared to both passive RIS andspectrum efficiency optimization cases.

Energy Efficiency Optimization in Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems