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Freight electrification introduces new opportunities and challenges forplanning and operation. Although research on charging infrastructure planningand operation is widely available for general electric vehicles, uniquephysical and operational characteristics of EFVs coupled with specific patternsof logistics require dedicated research. This paper presents a comprehensiveliterature review to gain a better understanding of the state-of-the-artresearch efforts related to planning (charging station siting and sizing) andoperation (routing, charge scheduling, platoon scheduling, and fleet sizing)for EFVs. We classified the existing literature based on the research topics,innovations, methodologies, and solution approaches, and future researchdirections are identified. Different types of methodologies, such as heuristic,simulation, and mathematical programming approaches, were applied in thereviewed literature where mathematical models account for the majority. Wefurther narrated the specific modeling considerations for different logisticpatterns and research goals with proper reasoning. To solve the proposedmodels, different solution approaches, including exact algorithms,metaheuristic algorithms, and software simulation, were evaluated in terms ofapplicability, advantages, and disadvantages. This paper helps to draw moreattention to the planning and operation issues and solutions for freightelectrification and facilitates future studies on EFV to ensure a smoothtransition to a clean freight system.

A review on the charging station planning and fleet operation for electric freight vehicles