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Modeling plasmas in terms of atoms or ions is theoretically appealing forseveral reasons. When it is relevant, the notion of atom or ion in a plasmaprovides us with an interpretation scheme of the plasma's internal functioning.From the standpoint of quantitative estimation of plasma properties, atomicmodels of plasma allow to extend many theoretical tools of atomic physics toplasmas. This notably includes the statistical approaches to the detailedaccounting for excited states, or the collisional-radiative modeling ofnon-equilibrium plasmas, which is based on the notion of atomic processes. Inthis paper, we focus on the challenges raised by the atomic modeling of dense,non-ideal plasmas.  First we make a brief, non-exhaustive review of atomic models of plasmas,from ideal plasmas to strongly-coupled and pressure-ionized plasmas. We discussthe limitations of these models and pinpoint some open problems in the field ofatomic modeling of plasmas.  We then address the peculiarities of atomic processes in dense plasmas andpoint out some specific issues relative to the calculation of theircross-sections. In particular, we discuss the modeling of fluctuations, theaccounting for channel mixing and collective phenomena in the photoabsorption,or the impact of pressure ionization on collisional processes.

Atomic models of dense plasmas, applications and current challenges