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A novel triphenylamine-based hole transport material (HTM) with a carboxylanchoring group (TPATC) was developed for tuning the interface betweennanocrystalline NiO and double cation CsCH3(NH2)2PbI3-xClx absorber in p-i-ndevice architectures. We present a unique comprehensive confinement study ofPSCs with TPATC as the self-assembled HTM, including analysis of numericaldefect parameters, phase composition evolution, and up-scaling capabilities.Our investigation shows that the ultrathin TPATC interlayer effectivelypassivates traps, increases work-function of HTL by about ~0.2 eV, and enhancesthe charge carrier extraction efficiency. Advanced transient spectroscopymeasurements revealed that modification of the NiO surface with TPATC inperovskite solar cells (PSCs) reduces the concentration of ionic defects by anorder of magnitude. Interface engineering with TPATC allowed to reach powerconversion efficiency of 20.58% for small area devices (0.15 cm2) understandard AM 1.5 G conditions. Using TPATC interlayer also provided stabilizedperformance of PSCs under operation conditions and improved sustainability ofthe perovskite absorber to decomposition. After continuous light-soaking (1000h, ISOS-L-2 protocol), NiO/TPATC devices showed a slight decrease of 2% inmaximum power. In contrast, NiO PSCs demonstrated decrease in power output(>20%) after 400 h. We explored the potential of TPATC to modify interfaces inlarge-area perovskite solar modules (PSM, active area-64.8 cm2, 12 sub-cells).By applying slot-die-coated TPATC, the PCE at AM 1.5 G conditions increasedfrom 13.22% for NiO PSM to 15.64% for NiO/TPATC ones. This study provides newinsights into the interface engineering for p-i-n perovskite solar cells,behavior of the ionic defects and their contribution to the long-termstability.

Triphenylamine-based interlayer with carboxyl anchoring group for tuning  of charge collection interface in stabilized p-i-n perovskite solar cells and  modules