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Bilestones are solid masses found in the gallbladder or biliary tract, whichblock the normal bile flow and eventually result in severe life-threateningcomplications. Studies have shown that bilestone formation may be related tobile flow dynamics and the concentration level of bile components. The bileflow dynamics in the biliary tract play a critical role in disclosing themechanism of bile stasis and transportation. The concentration of bilecomposition is closely associated with processes such as nucleation andcrystallization. Recently, microfluidic-based biosensors have been favored formultiple advantages over traditional bench-top detection assays for their lesssample consumption, portability, low cost, and high sensitivity for real-timedetection. Here, we reviewed the developments in bile dynamics study andmicrofluidics-based bile component detection methods. These studies may providevaluable insights into the bilestone formation mechanisms and better treatment,alongside our opinions on the future development of in vitro lithotriptic drugscreening of bilestones and bile characterization tests.

Bile dynamics within the biliary tract and microfluidic-based bile component detection: A review