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Virtual potentials are an elegant, precise and flexible tool to manipulatesmall systems and explore fundamental questions in stochastic thermodynamics.In particular double-well potentials have applications in informationprocessing, such as the demonstration of Landauer's principle. In this chapter,we detail the implementation of a feedback loop for an underdamped system, inorder to build a tunable virtual double-well potential. This feedback behavesas a demon acting on the system depending on the outcome of a continuouslyrunning measurement. It can thus modify the energy exchanges with thethermostat and create an out-of-equilibrium state. To create a bi-stablepotential, the feedback consists only in switching an external force betweentwo steady values when the measured position crosses a threshold. We show thata small delay of the feedback loop in the switches between the two wellsresults in a modified velocity distribution. The latter can be interpreted as acooling of the kinetic temperature of the system. Using a fast digitalfeedback, we successfully address all experimental issues to create a virtualpotential that is statistically indistinguishable from a physical one, with atunable barrier height and energy step between the two wells.

Virtual potential created by a feedback loop: taming the feedback demon to explore stochastic thermodynamics of underdamped systems