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We use a Rydberg quantum simulator to demonstrate a new form of spectroscopy,called quench spectroscopy, which probes the low-energy excitations of amany-body system. We illustrate the method on a two-dimensional simulation ofthe spin-1/2 dipolar XY model. Through microscopic measurements of the spatialspin correlation dynamics following a quench, we extract the dispersionrelation of the elementary excitations for both ferro- and anti-ferromagneticcouplings. We observe qualitatively different behaviors between the two casesthat result from the long-range nature of the interactions, and the frustrationinherent in the antiferromagnet. In particular, the ferromagnet exhibitselementary excitations behaving as linear spin waves. In the anti-ferromagnet,spin waves appear to decay, suggesting the presence of strong nonlinearities.Our demonstration highlights the importance of power-law interactions on theexcitation spectrum of a many-body system.

Spectroscopy of elementary excitations from quench dynamics in a dipolar XY Rydberg simulator