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The widespread deployment of Inverter-based Resources (IBRs) rendersdistribution systems susceptible to transmission-level faults. This paperpresents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transmission-level faults on3-phase and 1-phase distribution IBR operation. Using a real-time transmissionand distribution (T&D) co-simulation platform, we simulate both symmetrical andunsymmetrical faults at increasing electrical distances within the transmissionsystem while evaluating IBR tripping across various phases and locations at thedistribution level. The IBR power-to-load ratios (PLRs) at 50%, 100% and 300%are considered to emulate low, medium, and high IBR conditions. Our resultsindicate that, while 1-phase and 2-phase faults typically trigger fewer IBRtrips when compared to 3-phase faults, a significant power imbalance arisesfrom the tripping of 1-phase IBRs on the affected phases. This imbalance canresult in severe power quality problems and unintended equipment trips. Thissuggests that there may be a need for designing fault-ride-through mechanismstailored to 1-phase IBRs for mitigating the phase-imbalance caused byunbalanced faults.

Assessment of Transmission-level Fault Impacts on 3-phase and 1-phase Distribution IBR Operation