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Understanding surface temperature is important for habitability. Recent workon Mars has found that the dependence of surface temperature on elevation(surface lapse rate) converges to zero in the limit of a thin CO2 atmosphere.However, the mechanisms that control the surface lapse rate are still not fullyunderstood. It remains unclear how the surface lapse rate depends on bothgreenhouse effect and surface pressure. Here, we use climate models to studywhen and why "mountaintops are cold". We find the tropical surface lapse rateincreases with the greenhouse effect and with surface pressure. The greenhouseeffect dominates the surface lapse rate transition and is robust acrosslatitudes. The pressure effect is important at low latitudes in moderatelyopaque atmospheres. A simple model provides insights into the mechanisms of thetransition. Our results suggest that topographic cold-trapping may be importantfor the climate of arid planets.

Why are Mountaintops Cold? The Transition of Surface Lapse Rate on Dry Planets