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In this experimental study, we use scanning tunneling microscopy andspectroscopy to investigate Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states induced by 4f-shellrare-earth Gd adatoms on a superconducting Nb(110) surface. We engineer Gd atomchains along the substrate's $[1\overline{1}0]$ and $[001]$ directions,revealing distinct behaviors in differently oriented chains.$[1\overline{1}0]$-oriented Gd chains exhibit spectroscopic features at theirends, identifying them as trivial edge states, while $[001]$-oriented Gd chainsdisplay zero-energy edge states, suggesting non-trivial nature. Notably, Gdchains with four atoms--independent of their particular orientation--exhibit auniform zero-energy mode along the entire chain. These findings call forfurther research and a theoretical framework to describe rare-earth-basedstructures on superconductors.

Observation of zero-energy modes in Gd atomic chains on superconducting Nb(110)