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The net-zero energy transition is an extraordinary societal challenge. Itrequires a swift, radical and economy wide transformation. With the aim ofinforming research and policy, we identify general phases of this transitionand the overarching strategies that may be brought to bear in tackling thischallenge. Drawing from the literature on sustainability transition studies, wedepict the net-zero energy transition as a non-linear, cumulative process thatinvolves multiple, interdependent transitions in different sectors. Futureemission targets can only be reached if policymaking will play a strong role inguiding these transitions. To understand the increasing complexity of thepolicy challenge, we distinguish four overlapping phases of development:emergence of low-carbon innovations, transition of a single sector(electricity), transitions of multiple sectors based on low-carbon electricity,and transitions in difficult-to-decarbonize sectors. We argue that each phasecomes with new policy challenges on top of the already existing ones. Finally,we discuss the merits and limitations of five general strategies fordecarbonization: efficiency improvement, low-carbon electrification, low-carbonfuels, negative emissions and "untapped demand-side approaches." Whileelectrification has emerged as the dominant strategy, new low-carbon fuels(e.g., based on hydrogen) but also more radical changes (e.g., substitution ofcarbon-intensive products or lifestyle changes) merit further attention.

Phases of the net-zero energy transition and strategies to achieve it