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Personal autonomous vehicles are cars, trucks and bikes capable of sensingtheir surrounding environment, planning their route, and driving with little orno involvement of human drivers. Despite the impressive technologicalachievements made by the industry in recent times and the hopeful announcementsmade by leading entrepreneurs, to date no personal vehicle is approved for roadcirculation in a 'fully' or 'semi' autonomous mode (autonomy levels 4 and 5)and it is still unclear when such vehicles will eventually be mature enough toreceive this kind of approval. The present review adopts an integrative andmultidisciplinary approach to investigate the major challenges faced by theautomative sector, with the aim to identify the problems that still trouble anddelay the commercialization of autonomous vehicles. The review examines thelimitations and risks associated with current technologies and the mostpromising solutions devised by the researchers. This negative assessmentmethodology is not motivated by pessimism, but by the aspiration to raisecritical awareness about the technology's state-of-the-art, the industry'squality standards, and the society's demands and expectations. While the surveyprimarily focuses on the applications of artificial intelligence for perceptionand navigation, it also aims to offer an enlarged picture that links the purelytechnological aspects with the relevant human-centric aspects, including,cultural attitudes, conceptual assumptions, and normative (ethico-legal)frameworks. Examining the broader context serves to highlight problems thathave a cross-disciplinary scope and identify solutions that may benefit from aholistic consideration.

Why Autonomous Vehicles Are Not Ready Yet: A Multi-Disciplinary Review of Problems, Attempted Solutions, and Future Directions