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Understanding the development and breakup of interfacial waves in a two-phasemixing layer between the gas and liquid streams is paramount to atomization.Due to the velocity difference between the two streams, the shear on theinterface triggers a longitudinal instability, which develops to interfacialwaves that propagate downstream. As the interfacial waves grow spatially,transverse modulations arise, turning the interfacial waves from quasi-2D tofully 3D. The inlet gas turbulence intensity has a strong impact on theinterfacial instability. Therefore, parametric direct numerical simulations areperformed in the present study to systematically investigate the effect of theinlet gas turbulence on the formation, development, and breakup of theinterfacial waves. The open-source multiphase flow solver, PARIS, is used forthe simulations and the mass-momentum consistent volume-of-fluid method is usedto capture the sharp gas-liquid interfaces. Two computational domain widths areconsidered and the wide domain will allow a detailed study of the transversedevelopment of the interfacial waves. The dominant frequency and spatial growthrate of the longitudinal instability are found to increase with the inlet gasturbulence intensity. The dominant transverse wavenumber, determined by theRayleigh-Taylor instability, scales with the longitudinal frequency, so it alsoincreases with the inlet gas turbulence intensity. The holes formed in theliquid sheet is important to the disintegration of the interfacial waves. Theholes formation is influenced by the inlet gas turbulence. As a result, thesheet breakup dynamics and the statistics of the droplets formed also changeaccordingly.

Impact of inlet gas turbulence on the formation, development and breakup of interfacial waves in a two-phase mixing layer