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DNA strands serve as a storage medium for $4$-ary data over the alphabet$\{A,T,G,C\}$. DNA data storage promises formidable information density,long-term durability, and ease of replicability. However, information in thisintriguing storage technology might be corrupted. Experiments have revealedthat DNA sequences with long homopolymers and/or with low $GC$-content arenotably more subject to errors upon storage.  This paper investigates the utilization of the recently-introduced method fordesigning lexicographically-ordered constrained (LOCO) codes in DNA datastorage. This paper introduces DNA LOCO (D-LOCO) codes, over the alphabet$\{A,T,G,C\}$ with limited runs of identical symbols. These codes come with anencoding-decoding rule we derive, which provides affordable encoding-decodingalgorithms. In terms of storage overhead, the proposed encoding-decodingalgorithms outperform those in the existing literature. Our algorithms arereadily reconfigurable. D-LOCO codes are intrinsically balanced, which allowsus to achieve balancing over the entire DNA strand with minimal rate penalty.Moreover, we propose four schemes to bridge consecutive codewords, three ofwhich guarantee single substitution error detection per codeword. We examinethe probability of undetecting errors. We also show that D-LOCO codes arecapacity-achieving and that they offer remarkably high rates at moderatelengths.

Protecting the Future of Information: LOCO Coding With Error Detection for DNA Data Storage