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In kernel-centric operations, the uprobe component of eBPF frequentlyencounters performance bottlenecks, largely attributed to the overheads borneby context switches. Transitioning eBPF operations to user space bypasses thesehindrances, thereby optimizing performance. This also enhances configurabilityand obviates the necessity for root access or privileges for kernel eBPF,subsequently minimizing the kernel attack surface. This paper introducesbpftime, a novel user-space eBPF runtime, which leverages binary rewriting toimplement uprobe and syscall hook capabilities. Through bpftime, userspaceuprobes achieve a 10x speed enhancement compared to their kernel counterpartswithout requiring dual context switches. Additionally, this runtime facilitatesthe programmatic hooking of syscalls within a process, both safely andefficiently. Bpftime can be seamlessly attached to any running process,limiting the need for either a restart or manual recompilation. Ourimplementation also extends to interprocess eBPF Maps within shared memory,catering to summary aggregation or control plane communication requirements.Compatibility with existing eBPF toolchains such as clang and libbpf ismaintained, not only simplifying the development of user-space eBPF withoutnecessitating any modifications but also supporting CO-RE through BTF. Throughbpftime, we not only enhance uprobe performance but also extend the versatilityand user-friendliness of eBPF runtime in user space, paving the way for moreefficient and secure kernel operations.

bpftime: userspace eBPF Runtime for Uprobe, Syscall and Kernel-User Interactions