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Using deep JWST imaging from JADES, JEMS and SMILES, we characterizeoptically-faint and extremely red galaxies at $z>3$ that were previouslymissing from galaxy census estimates. The data indicate the existence ofabundant, dusty and post-starburst-like galaxies down to $10^8$M$_\odot$, belowthe sensitivity limit of Spitzer and ALMA. Modeling the NIRCam and HSTphotometry of these red sources can result in extreme, high values for bothstellar mass and star formation rate (SFR); however, including 7 MIRI filtersout to 21$\mu$m results in decreased mass (median 0.6 dex forlog$_{10}$M$^*$/M$_{\odot}>$10), and SFR (median 10$\times$ for SFR$>$100M$_{\odot}$/yr). At $z>6$, our sample includes a high fraction of little reddots (LRDs; NIRCam-selected dust-reddened AGN candidates). We significantlymeasure older stellar populations in the LRDs out to rest-frame 3$\mu$m (thestellar bump) and rule out a dominant contribution from hot dust emission, asignature of AGN contamination to stellar population measurements. This allowsus to measure their contribution to the cosmic census at $z>3$, below thetypical detection limits of ALMA ($L_{\rm IR}<10^{12}L_\odot$). We find thatthese sources, which are overwhelmingly missed by HST and ALMA, couldeffectively double the obscured fraction of the star formation rate density at$4<z<6$ compared to some estimates, showing that prior to JWST, the obscuredcontribution from fainter sources could be underestimated. Finally, we identifyfive sources with evidence for Balmer breaks and high stellar masses at$5.5<z<7.7$. While spectroscopy is required to determine their nature, wediscuss possible measurement systematics to explore with future data.

The galaxies missed by Hubble and ALMA: the contribution of extremely red galaxies to the cosmic census at 3