English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The connected and autonomous systems (CAS) and auto-driving era is cominginto our life. To support CAS applications such as AI-driven decision-makingand blockchain-based smart data management platform, data and messageexchange/dissemination is a fundamental element. The distributed messagebroadcast and forward protocols in CAS, such as vehicular ad hoc networks(VANET), can suffer from significant message loss and uncertain transmissiondelay, and faulty nodes might disseminate fake messages to confuse the network.Therefore, the consensus mechanism is essential in CAS with distributedstructure to guaranteed correct nodes agree on the same parameter and reachconsistency. However, due to the wireless nature of CAS, traditional consensuscannot be directly deployed. This article reviews several existing consensusmechanisms, including average/maximum/minimum estimation consensus mechanismsthat apply on quantity, Byzantine fault tolerance consensus for request, statemachine replication (SMR) and blockchain, as well as their implementations inCAS. To deploy wireless-adapted consensus, we propose a Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based message structure to build a non-equivocation data disseminationprotocol for CAS, which has resilience against message loss and unpredictableforwarding latency. Finally, we enhance this protocol by developing atwo-dimension DAG-based strategy to achieve partial order for blockchain andtotal order for the distributed service model SMR.

When Distributed Consensus Meets Wireless Connected Autonomous Systems: A Review and A DAG-based Approach