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Dileptons produced during heavy-ion collisions represent a unique probe ofthe QCD phase diagram, and convey information about the state of the stronglyinteracting system at the moment their preceding off-shell photon is created.In this study, we compute thermal dilepton yields from Au+Au collisionsperformed at different beam energies, employing a (3+1)-dimensional dynamicframework combined with emission rates accurate at next-to-leading order inperturbation theory and which include baryon chemical potential dependencies.By comparing the effective temperature extracted from the thermal dileptoninvariant mass spectrum with the average temperature of the fluid, we offer arobust quantitative validation of dileptons as effective probe of the earlyquark-gluon plasma stage.

Virtual Photons Shed Light on the Early Temperature of Dense QCD Matter