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In this paper, we study the behavior of users on Online Social Networks inthe context of Covid-19 vaccines in Italy. We identify two main polarizedcommunities: Provax and Novax. We find that Novax users are more active, moreclustered in the network, and share less reliable information compared to theProvax users. On average, Novax are more toxic than Provax. However, startingfrom June 2021, the Provax became more toxic than the Novax. We show that thechange in trend is explained by the aggregation of some contagion effects andthe change in the activity level within communities. In fact, we establish thatProvax users who increase their intensity of activity after May 2021 aresignificantly more toxic than the other users, shifting the toxicity up withinthe Provax community. Our study suggests that users presenting a spiky activitypattern tend to be more toxic.

Dynamics of toxic behavior in the Covid-19 vaccination debate