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The vast majority of the ocean's volume remains unexplored, in part becauseof limitations on the vertical range and measurement duration of existingrobotic platforms. In light of the accelerating rate of climate change impactson the physics and biogeochemistry of the ocean, the need for new tools thatcan measure more of the ocean on faster timescales is becoming pressing.Robotic platforms inspired or enabled by aquatic organisms have the potentialto augment conventional technologies for ocean exploration. Recent work hasdemonstrated the feasibility of externally stimulating live jellyfish swimmingvia implanted microelectronics. We present a robotic platform that leveragesthis external electrical swimming control, while also using a passivemechanical attachment to streamline the jellyfish shape and significantlyenhance the payload capacity of the biohybrid robotic jellyfish. Asix-meter-tall, 13,600-liter saltwater facility was constructed to enabletesting of the vertical swimming capabilities of the biohybrid roboticjellyfish over distances exceeding 35 body diameters. We found that thecombination of external swimming control and the addition of the mechanicalforebody resulted in an increase in swimming speeds to 4.5 times naturaljellyfish locomotion. Moreover, the biohybrid jellyfish were capable ofcarrying a payload volume up to 105\% of the jellyfish body volume. The addedpayload decreased the intracycle acceleration of the biohybrid robots relativeto natural jellyfish, which could also facilitate more precise measurements byonboard sensors that depend on consistent platform motion. The demonstratedperformance of these biohybrid robots suggests an opportunity to expand the setof robotic tools for ocean exploration.

Electromechanical enhancement of live jellyfish for ocean exploration