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We introduce prethermal temperature probes for sensitive, fast and robusttemperature estimation. While equilibrium thermal probes with a manifold ofquasidegenerate excited states have been previously recognized for theirmaximal sensitivity, they suffer from long thermalization timescales. Whenconsidering time as a critical resource in thermometry, it becomes evident thatthese equilibrium probes fall short of ideal performance. Here, we propose adifferent paradigm for thermometry, where setups originally suggested foroptimal equilibrium thermometry should instead be employed as prethermalprobes, by making use of their long-lived quasiequilibrium state. Thistransient state emerges from the buildup of quantum coherences amongquasidegenerate levels. For a class of physically-motivated initial conditions,we find that energy measurements of the prethermal state exhibit a similarsensitivity as the equilibrium state. However, they offer the distinct benefitof orders of magnitude reduction in the time required for the estimationprotocol. Upon introducing a figure-of-merit that accounts for the estimationprotocol time, prethermal probes surpass the corresponding equilibrium probesin terms of effective thermal sensitivity, opening avenues for rapidthermometry by harnessing the long-lived prethermal states.

Bypassing thermalization timescales in temperature estimation using prethermal probes