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Purpose: Iron and myelin are primary susceptibility sources in the humanbrain. These substances are essential for healthy brain, and theirabnormalities are often related to various neurological disorders. An advancedsusceptibility mapping technique, which is referred to as chi-separation, hasbeen recently proposed, successfully disentangling paramagnetic iron fromdiamagnetic myelin. This technique offers a new potential for generating ironmap and myelin map of the brain. Utilizing this technique, this studyconstructs a normative chi-separation atlas from 106 healthy human brains.Methods: A total of 106 healthy volunteers (age range: 27 to 85, 34 males and72 females) were recruited. The chi-separation maps were obtained by processingdata acquired with a 3 T MRI with a 3D multi-echo gradient-echo sequence. Theresulting chi-separation atlas was compared to well-known brain structuresassociated with iron and myelin distribution. Regions of interest (ROI) weredefined using subcortical nuclei, thalamic nuclei, and white matter fibertracts parcellation labels. Regional para- and diamagnetic susceptibilityvalues were extracted. Results: The atlas reflects detailed anatomicalstructures associated with the distributions of iron and myelin, clearlydelineating subcortical nuclei, thalamic nuclei, and white matter fiberbundles. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibility values exhibited stronglinear relationships with histochemical iron content (R2 = 0.99) and myelinwater fraction (R2 = 0.63) from literatures, respectively. Conclusion: Theatlas provides normative distributions of para- and diamagnetic susceptibilityin the brain.

A human brain atlas of chi-separation for normative iron and myelin distributions